Communities across the United States have evolved from small settlements along rivers to agricultural communities to centers for trade to large industrial cities and finally to postindustrial metropolitan areas. Urban areas occupy a small fraction of America’s landscape, yet have become the location of the majority of residential, commercial, and industrial land uses. Challenges now exists with demographic shifts and long term migration from the center city to the urban and suburban fringe. These shifts have resulted in aging infrastructure and relocated and abandoned businesses. What are the pros and cons to revitalizing these areas? As a planner what becomes a necessary first step in revitalizing these areas? How can greenspace be used as a selling point?
Urban Planning and Revitalization
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Urban Forestry 
Revitalization is a sign of rebirth and renewal. Revitalization promotes economic, environmental, and community benefits. When an area is revitalized, a sense of community can be achieved. Many people would love to raise their families in the same neighborhood they grew up in. These abandoned communities once were considered a safety net for many generations. Due to the recent economic conditions, major industries have shut their doors which have created some of these shifts in urban areas. Revitalizing these areas will definitely provide an increase in the economics for the affected city. Once an area looks “clean” and has been given a facelift, many will consider moving back home per say. The communities will need services and products to sustain. This may spur interest in businesses to expand or relocate and this movement would bring job opportunities. Land preservation amongst the community will ensure the safety of native plant and wildlife. Neighborhood revitalization is the second most cited
benefit in US cities (US Conf. Of Mayors 2003). The community’s quality of life is impacted by the presence of natural areas, blight removal, and neighborhood appeal.
Some issues to consider in revitalization are zoning restrictions. Is preservation of the certain structures required? The existing infrastructure can be consider a positive and negative. An ideal situation would involve minimal repair to the streets and buildings. If there are no buildings that can be saved, the cost of materials and labor will become a major factor in the planning stage. This could possible halt the process if the project proves to be too costly by governing bodies. Also the connectivity of businesses, homes, parks, schools, etc. within the area can be an issue. The type of family dwellings to remain or be constructed can be controversial. Some people may desire single family housing instead of apartments. If one is not careful, revitalization can introduce an undesirable separation among other existing communities. For example, if an area is near water, a resort may be built to attract more visitors which in turn will generate revenue for the city. This area could become so popular and nearby homes will cost more to buy or rent. There would be an increase in property value to increase property taxes. The makeup of the community is another issue. Will this area be tailored towards retirees, young families, or mixed development? This will affect the type of services that will be provided.
The first step as a planner would involve determining if the existing infrastructure can support the needs of citizens and possible services to be rendered. Then one should identify the strong and weak attributes of the area. This would involve researching the current ambiance of the area and surveying the locals to determine their needs. Do the residents consider the area more of a small town feel? Is the area known for certain notoriety such as Natchitoches, Louisiana is known as “City of Lights” or the city of Rayne is known as “Frog Capital of the World?” The potential constraints that exist in the community should be studied as well as the makeup of the surrounding development.
Green spaces can increase property values and promote more home sales. A green space makes individuals health conscience as well as increases environmental awareness. People are driven by sight and feelings when making any type of purchase. Green spaces give a sense of social place and enhance feelings of family kinship and solidarity. Green spaces can also allow individuals to feel free and independent in comparison to areas with only concrete. New residents, families and tourism will be attracted to recreational opportunities, good air and water quality and scenic beauty. Stressed individuals normally feel better after being exposed to the outside. There is a decrease in crime which would make homes more desirable to future buyers.
http://bodinestreetgarden.org/why-protect-urban-green-space/
http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/docs/publications/infilldevcode.pdf?ga=t
Click to access De_Sousa.pdf
I like the idea of working with residents to decide what revitilization looks like to them. I agree that cost is easily the greatest prohibitive factor in this type of endeavour. Simply removing old, unsafe, unuseable structures to establish green space is desireable. Residents may want smaller, local schools downtown or other structures that build the community. Any effort probably needs to focus on small sections of the downtown and have commercial support to be successful.
Ms. wells,
How does community sustains itself, especially the inner cities, where the buying power is very low and the people who live in such neighborhoods have a medium income, let say $20k per year? It is one thing to revitalize an area but revitalization funds are only one-time or start up cost and such fund doesn’t support maintenance, personnels, etc. In other words, when a community is revitalized, planners and the county expect the community to sustain itself over the long run based on the tax revenue. So then, can we say most communities may not qualify for revitalization funds because planners cannot predict what will happen to such communities 10-20 years after investment of community development funds?
During the planning stage, local government and community leaders should address such problems and have solutions that are truly obtainable in order to ensure sustainability. I know it is easier said than done but it is possible. I agree with Fred about the focus of working with smaller sections for better results. Even though the income may be $20,000 or less for the households in the area, these inner cities will have a better outcome if one area is revitalized and given time to grow. The money generated from the starting point can be recycled into future revitilization projects for neighboring areas.
There are also programs such as Land and Water Conservation that may be handled by the state but is federally funded which a city can get additional assistance for revitilization of parks or trails. The state of Louisiana currently has the progam and one must submit plans along with a budget and timeline of project completion. The program allow for different phases of funding. It also allows for improvements or new construction of recreational areas to include pools, ATV trails, playgrounds, etc. Of course, all approved plans are monitored to ensure everyone in the community has access to the facilities which I think is a plus.
Successful downtowns attract a wide range of individuals by affecting housing, work, shopping, culture, entertainment, government, and tourist attractions. Blueprints for improving downtown areas must address several areas at once. Downtown revitalization should include not only new housing and commercial businesses, but also after-school programs, anti-crime initiatives, youth development and employment services, arts, recreational opportunities, and public transit. Downtown revitalization encompasses a wide range of activities. Therefore, it requires the cooperation of local government, chambers of commerce, the private sectors, civic organizations, and other key institutions.
Businesses are often more comfortable and familiar working in suburban areas than downtown. In particular, downtowns should provide guidance with financing, parking areas, zoning, and building design. They have an advantage over suburban developments in terms of their historical value and compact, walking-friendly size. Development should focus on these strengths by preserving historical architecture and promoting traditional architecture through zoning and adaptive reuse of existing structures. They should also improve pedestrian walkways through installation of attractive lights, benches, and flowers in order to draw shoppers and other traffic.
The legacies of urban renewal programs are downtowns with fewer sidewalks, more car traffic, and more dead spaces such as parking lots, highway ramps, and vacant buildings. As a result, pedestrian activity and public gathering in many cities is discouraged. Careful planning through widening sidewalks, encouraging mass transit, and landscaping can encourage on-street activities such as commerce and dining and widen the public sphere, promoting community.
You indicated that there is a potential decrease in crime when green space is incorporated in the revitalization process. However, this is not always the case. When you look at the revitalization which is currently happening outside the gates of LSU, they renovation of old existing structures as well as the demolish and rebulit areas, crime rates in those locations did not seem to have any significant change. This is not always the case, and many people would rather not purchasing a home close to these areas. So what would be the outcome after all the revitalization was completed and the new structures are does not have the traffic as expected?
I feel there is a big disconnect between LSU and the surronding areas. I realize it takes more than just revitalization of old structures to change the mind set of individuals. While I was attending LSU, one could tell where campus ended. I think it is imperative to incorporate more than a new or renovated building. It will take programs such as students volunteering to paint the local corner stores or picking up trash once a week, door to door communication, and lot of dedication from organizations and investors to demostrate the importance of the revitalization concept. Many communities want change for the better but the presence of politics plays a major role in the availability of funding and other resources.
Great post. In the process of revitaliztion our goal is often to increase the economic suistainability of an area however as you mentioned Ms. Wells there is often the negative of increased property taxes which could potentially force residents to relocate. How do we balance the desire to make an area more liveable and vibrant but at the same time not force it’s residents out?
There should be measures taken to ensure the current residents’ property is protected legally. Local governing rules and regulations should include amendments in taxes for these residents. As far as the revitilization and planning process, I feel the planners should incorporate ways to keep current residents in place. Some of the ways that can be implemented is utilizing existing community businesses to provide services and some of these residents may have specialized skills which could contribute to the planning process.
Urban revitalization is the process of rebuilding thriving economically, environmentally and socially sustainable urban areas and populations, in areas that have been in decline and in those urban areas that are stressed from the continuing influx of people to urban areas.
An abandoned factory, a boarded up corner gas station, a rundown mill. In communities across the country are like this in many different shapes and sizes. It is hard to miss the graffiti-laced walls, the broken windows, the caved in roofs. It is equally hard to dismiss the unknown environmental contaminants and health hazards that these abandon places can pose.
Degradation often spreads beyond the boundary of one property to blight an entire neighborhood or community. Surrounding streets become stagnant and unsafe. Concerns about safety and crime rates increase. Residents and businesses move out. Property values decline. Retirees, residents, business owners, and employees that remain behind may need to go further to access goods or services. The inspiration and creativity that formed the neighborhood’s original vibrancy can fade away. There are many examples from many different readings I’ve found where the clearing of environmental concerns at one distressed property paved the way for the property to return to productive reuse. One property’s reuse spurs community wide revitalization. Sidewalks and streets are improved. Trees and flowers are planted. New lighting is installed. A community center gets refurbished. Businesses and residents return to the area. The ripple effects can spread through the community. In addition, fear and crime rates can fall, access to services and healthcare improves, property values increase, a tax base is restored.
It seems to be more pros than cons after accessing a revitalization project for a community in general. Sustainable communities seek community development that enhances the local environment and quality of life as well as developing a local economy that supports both thriving human and ecological systems. Sustainable communities use natural resources to meet current needs while ensuring that adequate natural resources are available for future generations.
As a planner the necessary first step in revitalizing these areas of degradation is to connect a community to the reason why there is a need to revitalize. Once a community sees that it has a chance to grow then it will comply with development. It can be a chance for economic opportunities, the environment, culture, public health and other community priorities. A vision needs to be clear. Within that vision these places can be created when a property’s new use expands green space for new community and civic uses such as parks, trails and picnic areas; or for new civic amenities such as libraries, schools, hospitals, health clinics, tourism, mass transit, job training centers and even places of worship. The creation of simple, clean and safe public open space or a neighborhood civic building for a community can dramatically alter community perceptions and generate positive momentum that leads to area-wide transformation. So you see, green space can be used as a selling point because public spaces play a vital role in the social life of communities. They act as shared resources in which experiences and value are created. In theory people make places, more than places make people. Public spaces make people feel connected. They can be a place to gather and celebrate a successful transformation. Adding green space in the form of parks, playgrounds, athletic field, trails or vegetation is always great. Native trees, shrubs and other plants can improve storm water management, reduce the heat island effect, improve air quality, and provide recreation space for residents. It can also provide a venue for increasing physical activity through more exercise and recreation.
While planning a revitalization of community it is always important to remember a community identify. Arts and culture play an integral part in shaping a community’s identity. Passed down from generation to generation, a community’s culture is expressed into its social fabric and reflected through its stories, dance, food, language, literature, art, film, festival and religious practices. Cultural locations and historic buildings serve as places to connect, interact and reflect on the times before the development.
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Building vibrant communities: Community Benefits of Revitalization Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Brownfields and Land Revitalization, Washington, D.C. 20460
John Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies
http://ips.jhu.edu/pub/Revitalizing-Baltimore-An-Assessment-of-Five-Touted-Urban-Revitalization-Strategies
Robert,
How do you get businesses to relocate in the neighborhood that has been revitalized if the traffic in these new communities are temporary? For example, let say a particular area within the city has been revitalized and from the onset, you have businesses that come and open shops but beacuse they cannot make enough money to cover their costs and then decide to leave. For example, one of Magic Johnson Theatres and his restaurant were forced to close in a certain community because of the attitude of some of the customers and employees. Middle income African-Americans went to other places. These facilities were located in predominately African- American community. When it was opened initially, the house used to be full but within a year the business began to go down hill with less customers and within couple of years everything was bolded up.
Raymond,
As a planner when you plan smart and build smart people will come. They will come for the opportunity of goods and services. As far as temporary traffic thats up to the business to control if your speaking in reference to the traffic of people. It’s solely in the control of a business to establish a reputation for themselves as a wonderful place for people to come and want to business with.
Downtowns have an advantage over suburban developments in terms of their historical value and compact, walking-friendly size. Development should focus on these strengths by preserving historical architecture and promoting traditional architecture through zoning and adaptive reuse of existing structures. But, Businesses are often more comfortable and familiar working in suburban areas than downtown. Therefore, downtowns should provide guidance with financing, parking areas, zoning, and building design to attract new businesses and remain competitive to their suburban metropolis.
I do agree with the statement you made “The creation of simple, clean and safe public open space or a neighborhood civic building for a community can dramatically alter community perceptions and generate positive momentum that leads to area-wide transformation.” What are some ways other than police presence and forums can you convince a community an area is safe to use? There are many areas in Baton Rouge that currently have great space to create some beneficial play and recreational activities to keep children and adults active. But if they only feel safe inside their homes, how can one change their mindset?
To ensure the safety of a neighborhood I believe that we as a people who value our communities should go back to taking care of our communities on our own. There was a time in history when it was once done, if you stayed in a certain area you took a stand and protected that area. They didn’t wait on police to intervene. As difficult as it may sound it really was done. To further protect people against violent acts the formation of the program called “Neighborhood Watch” was created. Neighborhood Watch is a crime prevention program that enlists the active participation of residents in cooperation with law enforcement to reduce crime, solve problems, and improve the quality of life in your area. In it you learned how to get to know and work with your neighbors and learn how to recognize and report crimes and suspicious activities. In addition, Protect yourself, your family, and your property. Communities have backed away from this tool that can help prevent crime and ensure the safety of residents. One can change their mind set if they learn to stand and protect together.
From history we know that the idea of protecting your family and property was the norm however it seems that this has somewhat been lost. Although we are a communal society out concern for others is often not valued as it once was. This brings me to question whether revitalization can be truly effective given our perceived desire to be exclusive of others?
Revitalization of residential, commercial and industrial lands always has pros and cons. There are many benefits through revitalizing these areas based on the land use. It may lift the surrounding environment of the residential land which will greatly increase the land value. By revitalizing the commercial and industrial area, more jobs opportunity would be brought in. Of course, the survival from the deterioration is a good way to save invested money from government or individuals. New investment should be imported if any revitalization becoming real, there will be a possibility of invest failure. How to make this investment successful is the key of revitalization. As a planner, I would do a few steps before starting a revitalization of these areas: Firstly, I will start a land use analysis, followed by sub-categories of environmental condition, identification of opportunities by sectors, and developing strategies. Surveying the land resources, organizing citizens’ participation, and identifying revitalization goals are essential in planning such a project.
Green space incorporated in revitalization project will promote the land value by not only improving the environmental elements but also comforting the individuals physically and mentally. Planting trees and shrubs reduces the “heat island effects” in commercial area which is method of sustainable development in urban area, as well as aware citizens to protect environment.
Yongshengli; you mentioned that “By revitalizing the commercial and industrial area, more jobs opportunity would be brought in”. I want to ask a question. What kind of jobs especially bring in with revitalization?
Revitalization must have a sufficient driver to overcome the significant problems presented by the overwhelming issues of loss of property value, business, and population. This is the elephant in the room. We can talk all day about all the benefits, and I agree with them all, but if the resistance to overcome the status quo is not lubricated with funding, nothing will happen. We are talking about some big problems here. It took decades and perhaps 100 years for city down towns to populate and construct places of work and then an equal amount of time to decline. I would submit that, in some cases, revitalization is impossible when considering our current understanding of it and making some changes in what it defines. How does it work in a place like Detroit, MI where the population has slipped 25% during the past decade? If people are not working, business is downsizing or moving, the tax base is shrinking, what can be done? Michigan is the only state in the Union to actually lose population over the past 10 years. Closer to home, I drove through our own Lake Providence LA last fall and could not help but see the condition of the downtown area. Chambers has pointed out many of the ill effects of declining urban areas and they were present in Lake Providence in abundance. The dilapidated buildings with roofs falling were very unappealing and unsafe. It appeared too costly for the owners to even bother removing them. And these are one story buildings. What good is a municipal code if the owners skip town and abandon their own properties? This town was known as the wealthiest per capita of all Louisiana towns at the turn of the 20th century. A resident told me it now ranks first in per capita on some form of state aid and there appear to be no viable employers around. Examples like these lead me to believe that the contrary arguments to true revitalization of many urban areas are not possible unless the paradigm allows us to consider simple green spaces as revitalization. In this case, the local, state, and federal governments need to come together and realize we have a collective problem and simple bulldoze this sites and turn them back into green space until, hopefully, industry or come business becomes interested in them for development again. This may be accomplished with tax incentives, land grants, or other means. It is the role of governments to even the playing field for attracting business and building back up blighted urban scapes. At this juncture, municipal codes, efficient green designs, walking and bike riding incentives close shopping, tree scapes, and other positive true revitalization would unfold. It seems to me that any other approach to serious degradation of downtowns is only flirting around the edges of the problem and doomed to failure. I recall such a situation in the early 1970’s in Waukegan, IL when the city realized that all the stores were moving to the new mall build out in a cow pasture they decided to close off the main street and make it a mall. After a few years and repeated business failures, they opened the street back up and gave up on this form of revitalization. It was very obvious that people wanted to go to the mall. How can you really stop this? I don’t think you can. Recently, this city has refocused on something they do have, lakefront property. “With its Lakefront-Downtown Urban Design Plan, the City of Waukegan undertook a thoughtful, inclusive planning process to boldly envision the largest piece of vacant Lake Michigan lakefront between Chicago and Wisconsin as a recreational, residential and commercial harbor city” MarySue Barrett – President, Metropolitan Planning Council, Waukegan, IL. I believe it took a visionary shift away from the downtown per se’ in an attempt to come back to it when success had been realized in other areas. Time will tell if this plan will work.
http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-22/us/michigan.detroit.population_1_census-figures-mayor-dave-bing-undercounting?_s=PM:US
http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/.
http://www.waukeganvision.com/
Fred,
You stated “…if the resistance to overcome the status quo is not lubricated with funding, nothing will happen.” which I do agree with in most cases. In addition, you talked about the City of Waukegan undertaking a thoughtful, inclusive planning process to boldly envision the largest piece of vacant Lake Michigan lakefront between Chicago and Wisconsin as a recreational, residential and commercial harbor city. My questions to you are, what is it that distinguishes one property cleanup and reuse success from another, and what stimulates change well beyond its original property lines?
Robert,
In response to your question about if revitalization can happen wihtout leaviing anyone out. I agree with you that we should go back to the old ways of take care of your own. Because most of the time if a crime is committed in your neighborhood one would notice something or maybe one of your neighbors would. But unlike in those times you had the support of your neighbor, along with the local police officials. However, things have change since then and our neighbors don’t want to get involved and the officals have certain guidelines to go by that want allow them to support you for some. I believe just like we have a church on every corner we should have a police station on every corner, maybe this will help support what’s important safety, but with the enforcement of what should be enforce, in the communities, safety, life ,liberty, and prosperity.
I don’t know if we can achieve revitalization can make a difference if the proper design don’t include not just buildings. But the people who make the laws would play a big part in peoples minset. The people need to know that they have the support of the individuals that matter the most to change their mindset.
The first step in the community revitalization is the planning process. The Community Revitalization Plan (CRP) is the document that combines community-based planning with the professional expertise of the consultant team that has been hired to perform the task. The community revitalization program must include background summary information about the area to be revitalized, address economic development, zoning, housing, infrastructure, public safety, a statement of the goals and vision, and an action plan with precise lists of goals and actions, priorities, costs, responsibilities, and funding sources.
Background Summary information begins with an assessment phase that includes community revitalization community visioning meeting. The purpose for this meeting is to listen to community ideas and concerns for each of the study areas. By the time this meeting takes place, the consultants have already done their community assessment. They focus on the issues of economic development, housing, infrastructure, public safety, community places, housing, traffic calming, public way improvements including sidewalks and street trees.
Community Input is vital to the program. Usually, an economic development task force is set up to guide the progress of the plan as it being executed by the consultants and contractors. The task force includes community and business leaders. The consultants can identify a number of vacant or abandoned commercial structures and houses within the neighborhood that can be rehabilitated for the benefits of the communities.
Some of the pros of revitalizing these communities include the following:
A). New development and redevelopment that occur in older built and abandoned areas can help preserve farms and open space in rural areas.
b). New development and redevelopment that take place in older built-up areas with infrastructure generally is more cost effective over time than development in outer areas.
c). Older communities are important to the overall vitality of a county, and they are historic centers of communities, where people started out, and they are the center for many activities, cultural, civic and religious.
d). Revitalization of such communities bring about new businesses, increase tax base, and overall connectedness with the rest of the county.
Some of the cons of community revitalization include the following:
a). Any problems that appear in older areas are likely to affect surrounding areas as well.
b). An economic development strategy with local consensus and official approval must be created first before any program funding is requested. The goal and objectives of the community must be expressed in a Community Revitalization Plan.
c). The community Revitalization Board will review plans and evaluate applications and make recommendations to county commissioners.
d). County Boards, Authorized and Departments will be expected to follow Community Revitalization Policies, as described by county commissioners.
e). Revitalization funds are intended for one-time projects or start up costs. They are not intended for on-going costs, such as personnel’s, recurring operating expenses, maintenance, etc.
Green Space can contribute to the overall condition of the revitalized neighborhood with street trees, parks, soccer field, etc and serves as a selling point for such program. Many people are not only interested in green space, but it increases property values and provides services to the environment. Green Space will greatly accelerate the development of such neighborhoods.
References
Montgomery County Community Revitalization Program, January 2006
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Revitalizing Indianapolis Neighborhoods: A Framework for Linking Abandoned Houses and Redevelopment Initiatives
A Second Report of the Abandoned Houses Work Group
BERC Environmental Quality: Brownfield Assessments in Sacramento County, CA
Sacramento, CA
The idea of working with residents to decide what revitalization looks like to them. I agree that cost is easily the greatest prohibitive factor some issues to consider in revitalization is zoning restrictions. Is preservation of the certain structures required? The existing infrastructure can be consider a positive and negative. An ideal situation would involve minimal repair to the streets and buildings. If there are no buildings that can be saved, the cost of materials and labor will become a major factor in the planning stage. This could possible halt the process if the project proves to be too costly by governing bodies. Also the connectivity of businesses, homes, parks, schools, etc. within the area can be an issue. The type of family dwellings to remain or be constructed can be controversial. Some people may desire single family housing instead of apartments. If one is not careful, revitalization can introduce an undesirable separation among other existing communities. It is hard to miss the graffiti-laced walls, the broken windows, the caved in roofs. It is equally hard to dismiss the unknown environmental contaminants and health hazards that these abandon places can pose. Green space makes individuals health conscience as well as increases environmental awareness. People are driven by sight and feelings when making any type of purchase. Residents, families and tourism will be attracted to recreational opportunities, good air and water quality and scenic beauty. People s normally feels better after being exposed to the outside. Some of the pro and cons consist of: They are not intended for on-going costs, such as personnel’s, recurring operating expenses, maintenance, etc. Authorized and Departments will be expected to follow Community Revitalization Policies, as described by county commissioners. The goal and objectives of the community must be expressed in a Community Revitalization. Any problems that appear in older areas are likely to affect surrounding areas as well. Vision these places can be created when a property’s new use expands green space for new community and civic uses such as parks, trails and picnic areas; or for new civic amenities such as libraries, schools, hospitals, health clinics, tourism, mass transit, job training centers and even places of worship. The purpose for this meeting is to listen to community ideas and concerns for each of the study areas. By the time this meeting takes place, the consultants have already done their assessment. It is important to listen to the concern of the community.
Urban Planning and Revitalization
Vitalize to be endowing with vitality or life. (Webster’s)
With the worlds population expanding at exponential rates Urban Planning and Revitalization is of the utmost importance.
Each year, approximately 32 million acres of natural forest worldwide — an area the size of Florida — are razed and converted for not forestry uses. (Green answers) To provide future generations with the ability to utilize natural resources we must development mandates to limit the urban sprawl. One must take care when developing the mandates not to limit economic growth but also must protect these resources. As an urban planner the revitalization of once lively districts is of key priority. Urban renewal may involve relocation of businesses, the demolition of structures, the relocation of people, and the use of eminent domain (government purchase of property for public use) as a legal instrument to take private property for city-initiated development projects.(Wikipedia) When searching for pros and cons one would have to look in to past projects. A very interesting field is contaminated land rehabilitation. When land or water has been contaminated it must be redeveloped before it can be utilized. The reason for contamination remediation is to eliminate the risk associated with the contaminated region. When an area is contaminated the economic benefits for the area a diminished therefore it is easy to see how remediation of a site would have great economic impact for future generations. Yes, remediation is expensive but when compared to the cost of health treatment for humans as well at no economic growth, redevelopment and remediation of sites becomes a no brainer.
Listed below are several common types of remediation:
In situ:
Volatilization
Biodegradation
Leaching
Vitrification
Isolation
Non-in situ
Land Treatment
Thermal Treatment
Asphalt Incorporation
Solidification
Groundwater Extraction and Treatment
Chemical Extraction
Excavation
http://greenanswers.com/q/42515/forests-trees-plants/logging/how-many-acres-forest-are-cut-down-illegal-#ixzz1HkFdk8QR
Urban revitalization stretch far beyond simple residential or organizational ideas and in cities with large populations, also involve measures of insuring transportation infrastructure that sustains the community and makes it a better to reside. If an urban revitalization plan is to succeed, there must be lasting benefits for members of the community. Many communities tear down unsightly buildings with the hopes of building something more pleasing to the eye. It seems that part of this reason is because it will attract rather than repel people away from the area.
Urban revitalization is based upon the notion that cities could be renewed for the sake of their residents. It is part of the metropolitan-technological frontier in that renewal not only involves new technologies but represents the effort to restore health to particular segments of the metropolitan area. Urban revitalization is a form of urban reclamation, the provision of opportunity through the reclaiming of space otherwise abandoned or in the process of being abandoned.
Research shows that a healthy and vibrant urban area boosts the economic health and quality of life in a community. Specifically, it creates jobs, incubates small businesses, reduces sprawl, protects property values, and increases the community’s options for goods and services.
Pros and Cons of Revitalization include:
Pros
More consistent with affordable housing and community development
Emphasizes affordable or mixed-income housing and commercial projects that meet the needs of current low/moderate income residents
Addresses barriers to successful revitalization such as crime, physical deterioration and vacant structures
Cons
May restrict low-income housing to certain areas
Less emphasis on local capacity building
Limited impact on neighborhood revitalization
Urban revitalization is the process of rebuilding thriving economically, environmentally and socially sustainable urban areas and populations, in areas that have been in decline and in those urban areas that are stressed from the continuing influx of people to urban areas. The first step in revitalizing these areas would involve a good planning practice for both public and private entities in a community. It depends on the successful partnership between the public and private sectors and on the active and coordinated involvement of all stakeholders.
I am not sure if you are asking if the use of greenspace is a selling point to potential buyers, or to the planning committe, the these are some of my idea. The use of greenspace as a selling point proves to be an important factor in any revitalization plan since it can be a key element in promoting a pedestrian atmosphere, it is aesthetically pleasing, and it provides shade during the day which prevents over heating of paved surfaces. For the planning committe, it is a conversion of an area which will be aesthetically pleasing as well as low cost and low maintenance to the city. It creates a focal point and can link one area of a city to the next. It helps filter out some of the harsh landscape of the urban environment.
Mariya,
You mentioned that “Urban revitalization is based upon the notion that cities could be renewed for the sake of their residents”. I don’t agree with this expression. Because, revitalization authorities even don’t ask for permission of revitalization from residents. I mean that residents’ sake is not the main purpose. What do you think? Revitalization should give priority to whom?
I do agree that the main purpose of revitalization not only focuses on resident’s sake but this process involves all aspects of the city in which it takes place. I know throughout history authoritative figures made changes with only their agendas in mind, however I feel the process has improved somewhat. Now it is imperative as a resident to be aware of any notices and developments in your area. It can be frustating at times when things do not turn out in your favor. But as a resident one must take some responsibility and action as well. In some cases, there may not be enough input from the members of the community that will be affected and decisions are made without them. Keep in mind revitalization can bring about economic change in a community and this is needed for sustainability purposes.
A revitalized downtown provides opportunities to live, work, shop and play while fostering a productive and energetic economy. Because of the complexities involved in the revitalization process, the public and private sector should work together to increase the value and attractiveness of the downtown area. I think, it requires the cooperation of local government, chambers of commerce, the private sectors, civic organizations, and other key institutions.
As I understand, urban revitalization is the process of rebuilding thriving economically, environmentally and socially sustainable urban areas and populations, in areas that have been in decline and in those urban areas that are stressed from the continuing influx of people to urban areas. Urban revitalization has had a major impact on many urban landscapes, and has played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world. Renewal has had both successes and failures. When revitalization successes, research shows that a healthy and vibrant downtown boosts the economic health and quality of life in a community. Specifically, it creates jobs, incubates small businesses, reduces sprawl, protects property values, and increases the community’s options for goods and services. A healthy downtown is a symbol of community pride and history. Also, urban revitalization help to redevelop deteriorated areas by providing the economic environment needed to attract and support private investment places great importance on the achievement of socio-economic development such as the provision of jobs for the unemployed, the addition of tax revenue to overburdened communities and/or the construction of space for the expansion or siting of industry or business.
Some of revitalization cons are: some buildings cover historic landmarks, like graveyards and wildlife habitats, like a swamp. Although the old sites can be unattractive, new construction destroys heritage and future animal populations. When new renovations and building increase city housing costs, the poor are often pushed to city outskirts, where less funding is given to schools and public services, and transportation to jobs in the city is unlikely. The cons can leave those affiliated with the businesses being changed without money, jobs, or a feeling of security. In the case of housing developments, maybe, many jobs are potentially lost, yet aside from the construction workers, very few may be re-acquired in the resulting development.
Green spaces improve community health and increase property values. Urban green spaces play a key role in improving the livability of our towns and cities. This is essential in order for a community to be sustainable. Green spaces give a sense of social place, allow one to gain social recognition, enhance feelings of family relationship and solidarity, allow one to teach and lead others, provide opportunity to reflect on personal and social values, promote spiritual growth, and in general allow users to feel free, independent, and more in control than is possible in a more structured home and work environment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal
http://bodinestreetgarden.org/why-protect-urban-green-space/
http://www.urbandesignconcepts.com/
http://www.ehow.com/about_5398607_pros-cons-urban-development_.html
Nadiriye,
You stated “When new renovations and building increase city housing costs, the poor are often pushed to city outskirts, where less funding is given to schools and public services, and transportation to jobs in the city is unlikely.”
As a citizen you what like to see progress of your community with the hopes that everyone benifits. My question to you is what are some efficient ways as an Urban Planner to make sure the poor isn’t dramiticlly affected by the new development of revitilization?
America’s urban and downtown areas began a long period of decline in the fifties and sixties. The popularity of the automobile changed individual and commercial behavior, and the focus of commercial activity shifted from the cities to the suburbs. During the late sixties and seventies, cities declined further as white flight to the suburbs accelerated. The result was a vicious cycle in which downtown businesses closed because of population declines, which increased the rate at which residents and visitors left downtown areas (Robertson 1999).
Many historic cores of urban areas were abandoned for the spacious suburbs, but recently there has been an interest in revitalizing these areas. Revitalization is the renewal and improvement of older commercial and residential areas through a series of actions or programs that encourage and facilitate private and public investment. A revitalization plan is a vision of what could be the future for a particular area. This vision should be part dream, part road map, and part ideas. But for this vision to be successful there will need to be substantial amounts of investment, not just financial capital, but talents and time and commitment by the citizens of the community.
First it is important to asses or survey and specifically quantify existing conditions of the community identifying the assets and liabilities. This is needed for various purposes such as a prerequisite for grants, to be able to understand the percentage of land use by type, identification of opportunities for reuse, setting the stage for retail retention and expansion, etc. Also it should determine such items as the number of people who are in the district on average each day, along with new traffic count data.
Renovation has several positive traits, such as the possibility of an economy boost, and the community can be brought closer together through the removal of bad areas. There can also be a wider selection of products when a neighborhood expands. Despite these complex challenges and adverse impacts, the revitalization of vacant lots and abandoned buildings presents ideal opportunities to manage growth in our communities.
However, the cons of urban renewal can be devastating. When the demolition of the area begins, traffic, pollution, and noise will become major problems. Jobs can be changed or lost, without money, jobs, or a feeling of security resulting in families being moved and torn apart. There can be a loss of natural value and of overall individuality in a community. Sometimes when a business take over, so are the jobs, and in many positions, the places are filled with people who know little or nothing about the customers or community. In the original businesses, the employees are familiar with the people they serve and know them by name. This bond between the community and those who serve it is hard to replace.
Although there are pros and cons, one would hope to reach an agreement upon what is the right thing to do as far as urban renewal is concerned. An Urban Redevelopment Authority would help decide these things. If the community were educated in how to protect themselves from being moved and the large businesses informed of the feelings of the smaller ones, something positive could be achieved. What we must not lose sight of is that the reason for this debate is to help keep a sense of community and sustainbility.
I agree with the concept that automobiles and several other factors contributed a large part to the suburban sprawl after world war II. For 60 years, Americans have pushed steadily into the suburbs, transforming the landscape and (until recently) leaving cities behind. But today the pendulum is swinging back toward urban living, and there are many reasons to believe this swing will continue. As it does, many low-density suburbs and McMansion subdivisions, including some that are lovely and affluent today, may become what inner cities became in the 1960s and ’70s—slums characterized by poverty, crime, and decay.
You mentioned “The popularity of the automobile changed individual and commercial behavior” and there are many other events that have occurred which changed history. Throughout history, many individuals in all aspects of life such as politicians, researchers, tree huggers, etc have introduced a clean way of living thru the introduction of recycling programs and electric cars, but it seems these are temporary fixes. The idea will spur the masses for a moment in time and then it seems to die down. Do you think the green movement will ever have such an impact?
Very good question and one that is somewhat difficult to answer. For the masses the idea of the green movement was spun on by an increase in oil and gas prices that ultimately affected the way we as Americans typically do business once the prices dropped we noticed a decreased interest. That interest is now becoming more relevant with the recent spike in oil prices once again however because of our current economy the concern now is more related to job creation and not energy.
Throughout time politicans have base some of their efforts on the enviornment, because it has always been a key element in their compaign. Going green is and always will be an issue because it has a great impact on society. However, as it relates to politics it’s an eye catcher to get the public attention. It’s unfortunate that it only appears to develop on a higher scale around election time. But the pros to that is we have some sort of election throughout the year that we can get some of these goals reach, as it relates to improving our roads, and the enviornment.
I can only hope that we coming out as new Foresters and Scientists that we can make a change for long term, by organizing a site here in baton rouge where we can address those issues on a daily bases.
thanks Latoya
Small businesses and specialty shops play an important role in today’s economy and culture as a whole. If we were to lose them, the economy and cultural flavor of the community would be drastically altered. Mega malls and chain stores, which have little or no intrinsic value, could soon replace these community shops.
Renovation has several positive traits, such as the possibility of an economy boost, and the community can be brought closer together through the removal of bad areas. There can also be a wider selection of products when a neighborhood expands.
However, the cons of urban renewal can be devastating. Jobs can be changed or lost, resulting in families being moved and torn apart. There can be a loss of intrinsic value and of overall individuality in a community. Sometimes, when a business taken over, so are the jobs, in many positions, the places are filled with people who know little or nothing about the customers or community. In the original businesses, the employees are familiar with the people they serve and know them by name. This bond between the community and those who serve it is hard to replace.
Through this study of pros and cons, one would hope to reach an agreement upon what is the right thing to do as far as urban renewal is concerned. An Urban Redevelopment Authority would help decide these things. If the community enterprises were educated in how to protect themselves from being moved and the large businesses informed of the feelings of the smaller ones, something positive could be achieved. What one must not lose sight of is that the reason for this debate is to help keep a sense of community.
Pros of Urban Renewal
The most obvious plus of urban redevelopment is a possible economy boost.
A close community is a great place to live, and in many cases, urban renewal, through removing bad areas, can draw a community very close.
Good neighborhood design can greatly enhance the livability of an area by making it more attractive to residents.
Although they may be more generally modern, and less culturally diverse, a wider variety of products can become available when a neighborhood expands.
Since a small community shop can only provide so much, some may feel the need to bring in a chain store such as a Wal-Mart. If the addition of these stores would mean the removal of culturally based shops, one is caught in a difficult decision. The choice is either to bring in the new, more advanced stages of society, and have to lose part of history, or to leave the community as it is and perhaps lose the ability to do all shopping in a centralized area. Many groups disagree on this subject.
Cons Of Urban Renewal
Despite the pros of urban renovation, the cons can leave those affiliated with the businesses being changed without money, jobs, or a feeling of security. In the case of housing developments, many jobs are potentially lost, yet aside from the construction workers, very few may be re-acquired in the resulting development.
As a planner, connecting a community to the reason why there is a need to revitalize is the first step in revitalization. Once a community sees that it has a chance to grow then it will comply with development. It can be a chance for economic opportunities, the environment, culture, public health and other community priorities. A vision needs to be clear. Within that vision these places can be created when a property’s new use expands green space for new community and civic uses such as parks, trails and picnic areas; or for new civic amenities such as libraries, schools, hospitals, health clinics, tourism, mass transit, job training centers and even places of worship. The creation of simple, clean and safe public open space or a neighborhood civic building for a community can dramatically alter community perceptions and generate positive momentum that leads to area-wide transformation. So you see, green space can be used as a selling point because public spaces play a vital role in the social life of communities.
America’s downtowns look remarkably similar today in comparison with how they looked in 1950s, before the wave of suburbanization threatened to make them irrelevant. Most people in downtowns rely on cars, and the rest use some kind of transit, usually bus – this has little changed since 1950. It is impossible to predict with any degree of confidence what the American downtown will physically look like in 2050. Downtown seemed to many to be fading away in the 1980s, as edge cities arose to challenge them as employment, and eventually cultural, centers. At that time one predicting the future of downtown fifty years hence would have easily predicted their eventual irrelevance; they would have become relics, museum pieces of an earlier time, no longer vital to the national and local economy.
I believe that competition isn’t idea at the moment, because the ulitimate goal is to make sure that cities are efficient enough so that it can meet the needs of the population that resides there. I believe that on can design a plan that can be condusive to any city with some other elements that will meet the needs of their city.
But I do believe that a little competition doesn’t hurt anyone it will just help the people and the cities involved to grow, overall their city and others around can grow from what is planned and implemented, and is actually working. All plans are design, with in mind to meet the needs of the people, so considereing, that most cities may have similiar designs but will always be different, acorrding to their needs.
thanks Ryan
To Puskar, I understand what your saying about the total structure of downtown, but we must keep in mind that the city is base around the orginial structure. The historical aspect is a part of our existence. I believe that each city is built around their past and it’s future. Although i can relate to some of the growth here in baton rouge and the downtown area hasn’t been a speedy process. But over the last 7 to 10 years I’ve seen lots of growth, with the more entertainment business, restaurants, downtown, additions to some of the local govenmental buildings, as well as new gov, blds, they are allowing more and more business to come in. It has been lots of new structure added and along wtih new business some new buildings. We have to keep in mind that the state of, La operates on certain authorities input with our growth so we have to work with them, for the best decision on our city growth at that particular time, that will be best for entire city.
I also agree with you that baton rourge and most cities should, if possible make their cities more health efficient, because with pollution and the obesity, damage to communities, being efficient is this manner would help people to live longer and cut down on the negative affects that pollution is putting on the environment across the globe. Starting with downtown, walking trails, and bike trails should be a plus for the growth of that area. As I said before that the atom is most important it sets the tone for the entire city. Because it is where we benefit financially, and economically, environmentally. The plan is not just for competition, one would say but for the idea that we need to grow according to need of the people and also to make sure that growth is visible for all to see so that we can be marketable and inviting across the globe so we can continue to grow and meet the need of our city, and all these other elements will fall into place.
Easy mobility for the middle class has stimulated them to abandon city centers and many older neighborhoods, disrupting social stability and increasing the economic disparity between older communities and newer suburbs. Its consequences spread across all groups, regardless of geography, race, income, or political status.
Taxpayers
Sprawling suburbs may be cheaper in the short-term for individuals and families who buy houses in new communities, but their hidden costs may ultimately be passed on to taxpayers in a variety of ways.
• The cost of building and maintaining highways and other major infrastructure improvements to serve distant suburbs.
• The cost of solving environmental problems (wetlands, endangered species, air pollution, water pollution) caused by development of virgin land on the metropolitan fringe.
Taken together, it is clear that all these cost factors contribute dire fiscal situation, which might strain state and local government budgets to the breaking point.
Residents of New Suburbs
There is no question that new suburban residents are, in many ways, the principal beneficiaries of suburban sprawl. They often live in new and affordable neighborhoods which they perceive as safe and prosperous. Yet many suburban residents are becoming increasingly aware that they pay a high price for these benefits in the following ways.
• The cost of automobiles and time lost commuting to work and other destinations. A huge number of people now spend an hour or more per day in their car, and the number continues to rise.
• The cost of new suburban infrastructure. Suburbs are often perceived as low-tax locations, when, in fact, most new suburban home buyers must pay additional taxes to cover the massive cost of new roads, schools, and other infrastructure required in new communities. These additional taxes often have the effect of doubling a new homeowner’s property tax bill.
Cities must create more compact and efficient development patterns that accommodate growth, yet help maintain their environmental balance and economic competitiveness. First, more certainty is needed in delineating where new development should and should not occur. Sprawl occurs partly because current policy constrains the real estate market by rewarding leapfrog development driven by cheaper and more easily developed land on suburban fringe. However, the other side of certainty for developers requires commitments to conserve ecologically important habitats and other open space. Such effort involves voluntary action at the local level and requires consensus among development, environmental, community and local government interests, will enhance the ability to provide greater environmental and economic certainty regarding new development.
Green space could also be a selling point to revitalize the abandoned city centers. Conservation of other habitat and open space will require finding creative approaches. Regardless of the methods used, much of the leadership for providing greater certainty for conservation and development must come from the state, regional agencies, and local governments working together. But private businesses also have a critical role. Besides, older urban and suburban neighborhoods should be reinforced as good places to live and do business, and the process should take place without displacing low-income residents. Sprawl occurs partly because of the perception that older neighborhoods are dangerous, expensive, obsolete, unpleasant, or otherwise unacceptable to those who have the option of leaving.
The attached website provides comprehensive information about downtown revitalization.
http://www.nal.usda.gov/ric/ricpubs/downtown.html
Puskar you wrote, “Green space could also be a selling point to revitalize the abandoned city centers. Conservation of other habitat and open space will require finding creative approaches”. Do you think that government should invoke the right of eminent domain? If the use of eminent domain is to be utlized for the acquiring of properties should it include residential housing that have occupants or abandoned housing, also if commercial properites are to be used should it be occupied or abandoned and who would oversee the projects for fair treatment?
I think the downtowns need to be competitive with their suburbs in terms of the business and job opportunities. Besides they should preserve their unique attractions. The successful downtown projects may not only expand business, employment, and shopping opportunities but also increase and strengthen the social activity and quality of life in the community.
I agree that the downtown must be the center of attention for any city. This area is the atom, so everything around it must support the atom. The downtown area is the main attraction for the city networking cabalities. This is what the people will see once they enter any city. The appearance must be breathe taking and colorful, which can catch the person eye upfront. This will provide the city with economic sustainablity, which will encourage the citizens to continue to grow once they see the benefit.
Not saying that downtown should not be the center jewel of any city, but I seriously think that for a city to truly meet its maximum attractiveness is for many focal points throughout a city to be very profound. With saying all of that i can use my home town of Lafayette for example; Lafayette Louisiana has a very productive downtown , but a long with its downtown area it has other focal points throughout the city such as the Oil Center ,and River Ranch. So what i am trying to say is that in Lafayette I don’t really see a competition among these areas but more of a shared dominance with economic sustainability. I say because both these three places they offer different concepts and experiences, but offer the same businesses at the core, I find that kind of amazing. So the question I’m asking is do you believe that there should be a competition among these areas or a shared dominance?
I know how the downtown area of a city can attract many visitors and business opportunities. I do agree with both Cynthia and Puskar about the economic and social benefits but Ryan asks a great question. Competition or Shared Dominance? I feel in order for the city to be successful, there should be two or three focal areas that provide entertainment, businesses, and leisure activities throughout the city. This will ensure everyone will have access to these areas even if an individual do not possess transportation. This can prevent the feeling of neglect to certain areas because of the vicinity to just the downtown area. The presence of more than one focal area will alleviate any disconnect in the design of the city’s infrastructure.
Revitalization sometimes lives up to the hopes of authenic backer, it has been assessed by politicians, urban planners, civic leaders, residents, it has played an undeniably important role. Urban revitalization is the process of rebuilding a growing economy, that can assure sustaintable conditons for urban areas and populations, that can affect areas positivly in a run down area. This could be an area such as low income housing in your city. Urban renewal has many positive results. It replenished housing stock might be an improvement in quality, it may increase frequency and reduce sprawl. It might have economic benefits and improve the global economic competitiveness of city’s centre. Urban renewal has been responsible for the rehabilition of communities. However by giving the city a renewal this would make a city more attractive for new commers, this will allow residents and others to benefit from the new addition for the city, that will eventually give people more opportunities, such as jobs, also provide more resources for other possiblities to occur. Hopefully this will provide the community with depenable efforts with a successful plan.
Therefore when thinking of a plan one must make sure that the structure already can be condusive to what is already there. Take a look at what can be benefical to the area by looking primarly at the positve attributes and how to resolve the weak points of the exisitng structure. Make sure that the plan is condusive to the residents in the community. First of all you must show the most important factor is to make sure that the cost is efficient enough, so that when plan is presented to the proper authorities, that it will be feasable for an aggreance for the plan to be implemented. Secondly make sure that the need for the plan is needed for the neighborhood and that it will work.
I believe that competition isn’t idea at the moment, because the ulitimate goal is to make sure that cities are efficient enough so that it can meet the needs of the population that resides there. I believe that on can design a plan that can be condusive to any city with some other elements that will meet the needs of their city.
But I do believe that a little competition doesn’t hurt anyone it will just help the people and the cities involved to grow, overall their city and others around can grow from what is planned and implemented, and is actually working. All plans are design, with in mind to meet the needs of the people, so considereing, that most cities may have similiar designs but will always be different, acorrding to their needs.
thanks Ryan
To remodel, restructure and ultimately revitalize any area for the better is always a good concept but, there are always many factors to consider and reconsider, as a planner. The number one step that should be taken is to identify the problems that the areas are facing; the planner should acknowledge the challenges and demographic shifts of the area; finally recycling and sustaining resources within an area will be make life easier for the planner and its inhabitants.
• acknowledge the challenges and demographic shifts of the area
These challenges can be very pressing changes in demographics can be cultural, economical, and political. This seems to be the big three that causes drastic change in areas. These factors can make area abundant (ghost towns), unbalance the finical magnitude of an area (many low income areas are not as esthetic as a new built neighborhoods, and due to an decrease in finances problems a arise such as crime and poverty) .When it comes to politics it is usually a result of the first two factor that was just mentioned, normally politics will not fix a situation, but merely sway towards a winning side.
• Recycling and sustaining resources within an area
A sustainable city or eco-city is a city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution – CO2, methane, and water pollution. The same methods can be applied to small communities and neiborhoods. It is estimated that around 50% of the world’s population now lives in cities and urban areas. These large communities provide both challenges and opportunities for environmentally conscious developers. In order to make them more sustainable, building design and practice, as well as perception and lifestyle must adopt sustainability thinking. And the best part I think about all of this is that most resources used is already there, materials used is just being refurbished and recycled. There are not too many cons you can pull out of this factor it saves and gains money to the consumer and it helps out the environment.
As humans we are most leading towards nature, so a sustainable green space would practically sell itself. There is a deep connection between humans a greenery; some aspect that greenery touch on is
o Safety, crime, violence, and aggression
o Strength of community
o Well-being, coping, and vitality
o Attention, executive-functions, self-control, learning
Residential common areas with trees and other greenery help to build strong neighborhoods. In a study conducted at a Chicago public housing development, residents of buildings with more trees and grass reported that they knew their neighbors better, socialized with them more often, had stronger feelings of community, and felt safer and better adjusted than did residents of more barren, but otherwise identical, buildings (http://lhhl.illinois.edu/communities.htm). In closing green always help cannot do any harm.
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